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Why did the UK leave the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) in 1992?


A) There was massive speculation against the pound.
B) The ERM was changed after the Maastricht Treaty.
C) Public opinion in the UK had become much more Eurosceptic.
D) Mrs Thatcher took account of a rising tide of Euroscepticism in her party.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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What is an optimal currency area? Does the EU fulfil the criteria?

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An optimal currency area would have the ...

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The most likely result of the US raising interest rates is that it would ___its trade deficit and interest rates in other countries would ___ .


A) increase; rise
B) increase; stay the same
C) decrease; rise
D) decrease; stay the same

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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The UK was a member of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) from ___to ___ .


A) 1979; 1997
B) 1990; 1992
C) 1990; 1997
D) 1979; 1992

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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If countries attempt to achieve similar rates of economic growth through demand management policy, for which of the following reasons may the equilibrium rate of exchange change over the longer term? (i) The marginal propensity to import differs from one country to another. (ii) The relative income elasticities of demand for imports and exports differ from one country to another. (iii) The rate of growth of productivity differs from one country to another.


A) (i) and (iii)
B) (ii) and (iii)
C) (i) , (ii) and (iii)
D) (ii)
E) (i) and (ii)

F) A) and D)
G) A) and E)

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The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 set out a programme for the European Monetary Union (EMU) . In order to take part in the proposed single currency, countries had to fulfil five 'convergence criteria'. Which of the following was not one of the criteria?


A) Budget deficit not more than 3% of GDP
B) Unemployment not more than 2% more than the average of the three lowest countries
C) National debt not more than 60% of GDP
D) Exchange rate within the ERM bands for at least two years

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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When countries achieve similar levels of growth, inflation and budget deficits, this is called


A) convergence.
B) international harmonisation of economic policies.
C) globalisation.
D) monetary convergence.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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